Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, there was a negative effect on the soil and the land (e.g., land degradation). [166] The government was also successful in procuring houses for landless labourers; According to Francine Frankel, three-fourths of the targeted four million houses was achieved in 1975 alone. She saw her own success as a woman, and also noted that: "Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once. "[169], In summarising the biographical works on Gandhi, Blema S. Steinberg concludes she was decidedly non-ideological. Sunanda K. Datta-Ray; "Indira Gandhi: Enigma, Mother-Goddess and Terror Incernate". [87], She remains the only woman to occupy the Office of the Prime Minister of India. [162], There is considerable debate whether Gandhi was a socialist on principle or out of political expediency. [citation needed], Gandhi claimed that only "clear vision, iron will and the strictest discipline" can remove poverty. [182][185] General economic recovery under Gandhi led to an average inflation rate of 6.5% from 1981–82 to 1985–86—the lowest since the beginning of India's inflation problems in the 1960s. As a result of the tall and thin straw, the then cultivated varieties were … In 1972, after the less extremist Mizo leaders came to the negotiating table, Gandhi upgraded Mizoram to the status of a union territory. However, at an … The Gandhi faction, called Congress (R), lost its majority in the parliament but remained in power with the support of regional parties such as DMK. The programme emphasised greater state control of the economy with the understanding that government control assured greater welfare than private control. The Indira Gandhi Canal (Originally: Rajasthan Canal) is the longest canal of India.It starts from the Harike Barrage at Harike, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in the Indian state of Punjab and terminates in irrigation facilities in the Thar Desert in the north west of Rajasthan state. Indira was 18 at the time and had never experienced a stable family life during her childhood. [127][128] This was denounced as a "despicable act" by China. In 1974, India ceded the tiny islet of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka to save Bandaranaike's socialist government from a political disaster. [166] Many royals tried to protest the abolition of the privy purse, primarily through campaigns to contest seats in elections. 30. [191] Nationalisation also resulted in significant growth in the geographic coverage of banks; the number of bank branches rose from 8,200 to over 62,000, most of which were opened in unbanked, rural areas. [165] There was an emphasis on tightening public expenditures, greater efficiency of the state-owned enterprises (SOE), which Gandhi qualified as a "sad thing", and on stimulating the private sector through deregulation and liberation of the capital market. Indira Gandhi made the Green Revolution a key government priority and along with the new hybrid seeds, initiated state subsidies, the provision of electrical power, water, fertilizers, and credit to farmers. [181][185], Gandhi inherited a tattered economy in her second term; harvest failures and a second oil shock in the late 1970s had caused inflation to rise again. Her funeral was televised live on domestic and international stations, including the BBC. Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography. Subsequently, Dr. Dogra appeared in Shri Mahesh Chandra's court as an expert witness (PW-5); his testimony took several sessions. [166] The rise of these newly empowered social classes challenged the political establishment of the Hindi Belt in the years to come. Dr. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the make of the weapons used and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. [61], Within a few months, President's rule was imposed on the two opposition party ruled states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu thereby bringing the entire country under direct Central rule or by governments led by the ruling Congress party. [150] These developments permanently halted India's decline in Africa and helped to reestablish its geo-strategic presence. The army used heavy artillery, including tanks, in the action code-named Operation Blue Star. [242], Gandhi's main legacy was standing firm in the face of American pressure to defeat Pakistan and turn East Pakistan into independent Bangladesh. Further, heavy dependence on few major crops has led to loss of biodiversity of farmers. Although judicial challenges and non-Congress governments tried to water down the amendment, the amendment still stands. Repression and violence by the Pakistani army led to 10 million refugees crossing the border into India over the following months. [8] The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds and the improved quality of fertilizers and irrigation techniques led to the increase in production to make the country self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. These steps culminated in party president S. Nijalingappa expelling her from the party for indiscipline. [94] In July 1982, he led the campaign for the implementation of the Anandpur Resolution, which demanded greater autonomy for the Sikh-majority state. After the bitter experience with Johnson, Gandhi decided not to request food aid in the future. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. On September 26, 1967, Swaminathan got Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to inaugurate a seed processing centre of the society at Jaunti. The Indian Libertarian, Volume 15–17. ", "Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year, "Exhibit celebrates 120 years of South Asians at Oxford", "Sonia assures help for father-in-law's grave", "The End of India's Nehru-Gandhi Dynasty? Her arrest and long-running trial gained her sympathy from many people. During late 60’s and 70’s, Indira Gandhi nationalized the banks, coal mines and several other Sanghavi, Nagindas. [173] The government was able to exceed the targeted growth figure with an annual growth rate of 5.0–5.2% over the five-year period of the plan (1974–79). The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi released this stamp entitled Wheat Revolution on July 17 1968. [29][1] During her stay in Britain, Indira frequently met her future husband Feroze Gandhi (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi), whom she knew from Allahabad, and who was studying at the London School of Economics. Every drop of my blood ... will contribute to the growth of this nation and to make it strong and dynamic. [2] She was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of India. With so little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. Bhutto asked the nation to unite and slogans such as "hum ghaas aur pattay kha lay gay magar nuclear power ban k rhe gay" ("We will eat grass or leaves or even go hungry, but we will get nuclear power") were employed. Agricultural technological advancements offered opportunities to increase productivity. [244], Being at the forefront of Indian politics for decades, Gandhi left a powerful but controversial legacy on Indian politics. [47][48][49] The Garibi Hatao slogan and the proposed anti-poverty programs that came with it were designed to give Gandhi independent national support, based on the rural and urban poor. It transformed the country from a nation heavily reliant on imported grains, and prone to famine, to one largely able to feed itself, and becoming successful in achieving its goal of food security. [26][27] Indira did, however, have an active part within the student life of the university, such as membership in the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. [21] It was during her interview[clarification needed] that Rabindranath Tagore named her Priyadarshini, literally "looking at everything with kindness" in Sanskrit, and she came to be known as Indira Priyadarshini Nehru. The Soviets became the main arms supplier during the Gandhi years by offering cheap credit and transactions in rupees rather than in dollars. [212] In 1974, India successfully conducted an underground nuclear test, unofficially code named "Smiling Buddha", near the desert village of Pokhran in Rajasthan. Nevertheless, the success of the overall economic plan was tempered by the fact that annual growth at 3.3–3.4% over 1969–74 fell short of the targeted figure. Indira Priyadarshini. [56], On 12 June 1975, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha in 1971 void on the grounds of electoral malpractice. She may have grossly misjudged her popularity by reading what the heavily censored press wrote about her. In addition, the government targeted an annual growth rate of 4.4% over the period of the plan. [8][9], Indira Gandhi was born Indira Nehru into a Kashmiri Pandit family on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad. [150], The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of mainly former British colonies. [218] They had two sons—Rajiv (b. Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Year : 2009, Volume : 7, Issue : 4. [148] Relations only began to improve following Gandhi's endorsement of the ZOPFAN declaration and the disintegration of the SEATO alliance in the aftermath of Pakistani and American defeats in the region. 1. Who released a special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution’ in July 1968? The phenomena of overall development in wheat farming is still continuing although the pace of progress has slowed down with Green Revolution reaching its mature stage Production, area and yield of wheat reached their zenith in 1999-2000 after which varying trends have been observed (Table 24.5). The increase in food was however, disproportionate. [165] Related to this point were a set of policies which were meant to regulate the private sector. b Mahatma Gandhi. The operation badly damaged or destroyed parts of the Temple complex, including the Akal Takht shrine and the Sikh library. 6 by the People's Republic of China. "[104], On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, allegedly in revenge for the Operation Bluestar. 12. She also resolutely refused to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). During the British Raj, India's grain economy hinged on a unilateral relation of exploitation. Her lieutenant, P. V. Narasimha Rao, later became prime minister and approved full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992. The Indira Gandhi Canal is boon for the expansion of wheat cultivation and improving its productivity. The ambitious cultivators of the Indira Gandhi Canal command area have changed their land use pattern as they instead of pastures are growing rice, cotton and wheat with the help of irrigation. [217], She married Feroze Gandhi at the age of 25, in 1942. The government was successful in bringing down inflation during the emergency; achieving negative figures of −1.1% by the end of 1975–76. [20] She went on to study at the Vishwa Bharati in Santiniketan, which became Visva-Bharati University in 1951. "[117][118], Gandhi is remembered for her ability to effectively promote Indian foreign policy measures. He wielded tremendous power during the emergency without holding any government office. [115] After her death, the Parade Ground was converted to the Indira Gandhi Park which was inaugurated by her son, Rajiv Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi himself was assassinated by a suicide bomber working on behalf of LTTE on 21 May 1991. She won a by-election in the Chikmagalur Constituency and took a seat in the Lok Sabha in November 1978 [73][74] after the Janata Party's attempts to have Kannada matinee idol Rajkumar run against her failed when he refused to contest the election saying he wanted to remain apolitical. [152] Unlike Nehru, she openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa. [133] In 2011, the Government of Bangladesh conferred its highest state award posthumously on Gandhi for her "outstanding contribution" to the country's independence. [208], Responding to the insurgency in Nagaland, Gandhi "unleashed a powerful military offensive" in the 1970s. In Punjab, where it was first introduced, the Green Revolution led to significant increases in the state's agricultural output, supporting India’s overall economy. The price that is announced before the sowing season is called ADVERTISEMENTS: (A) Issue price (B) Fair price (C) Market price (D) Minimum support price. 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