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Such is the so-called mind-cure, or cure by suggestion. Unfortunately the moral standard of peoples in lower grades of culture has been as a rule grossly defective. 1. The institution of the office of priest is thus later than that of sacrifice. Religious are members of religious institutes, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common. Their fulfilment merits Divine approval and reward; their violation entails Divine punishment. First there is faith. Migrating peoples from beyond the sea or the mountain became known as children of the sea or of the mountain. Information and translations of Catholicism in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Again, the notion of persuading spirits to lodge themselves in stocks and stones and become the property of the wearers, is the very antithesis of religion, which implies the sense of dependence on the Deity. In the account which he gave of his experiences, a translation of which was published in the "Smithsonian Report" of 1864, he testified to their stupidity and utter lack of religion. The contemporary Catholic Church has always considered itself to be the historic Catholic Church, and consider all others as "non-Catholics". On the other hand, wherever tribes exist in normal conditions, they are found to possess some sort of religion. These definitions, in so far as they are true, are only partial characterizations of religion. Closely allied to the history of religions, out of which it has grown, is comparative religion. Applying this soul idea to inanimate things, which they take to be alive, they have come to associate mighty spirits with the great phenomena of nature and have given them worship. 11 Sept. 7/1 Science is truly catholic, and is bounded only by the universe. In all lower religions, where we find food-offerings to the dead, we also find recognized, and carefully distinguished from dead heroes, nature deities. It concerns itself with the extraordinary and abnormal, as well as with the normal exercise of the intellectual, volitional, emotional, and imaginative activities set in motion by religion. Belief in the immortality of the soul is to be found in practically all religions, though the nature of the soul and the character of the future life are in most religions crudely conceived. A. Froude Short Studies 363 What was of catholic rather than national interest. God not only speaks to us, he also gives us the grace to … Modern scholarship has given much attention to the study of religion. Directly from the Greek, or via Late Latin catholicus, the term catholic entered many other languages, becoming the base for the creation of various theological terms such as catholicism and catholicity (Late Latin catholicismus, catholicitas). In all of these documents it also refers to itself both simply as the Catholic Church and by other names. In practically all religions there is an exercise of authoritative teaching in regard to the intellectual basis of religion, the things to be believed. These were types of the great atoning sacrifice of Christ. The view that fear is in most instances the spring of religious action is untenable. In the recognized sphere of morality, it has offered powerful motives to right conduct; it has been the chief inspiration of music, poetry, architecture, sculpture, and painting; it has been the dominant influence in the formation of a permanent literature. But apprehension of the infinite or even of the indefinite is suited rather to philosophic than to simple minds, and is not to be found in the generality of religions. Catholic Womens League: An organization promoting religious, education and social welfare and represents Catholic women's interests on national and international bodies. Conformity to the recognized moral standard, which is generally low, is not wholly neglected, but it is less an object of solicitude than material welfare. In the first place, there is no existing form of religion known in which Fetishism is the sole constituent element. Totem theory Definition. Ignatius considered that certain heretics of his time, who disavowed that Jesus was a material being who actually suffered and died, saying instead that "he only seemed to suffer" (Smyrnaeans, 2), were not really Christians.[23]. They are not ordained. One of the common errors fostered in recent works on anthropology and the history of religions is that only in the higher religions is moral conduct found to rest on religious sanction. This was even true of circumcision, which, while being a mutilation of a minor sort (the only form of mutilation tolerated in the Old Law), was given a highly moral signification, and made to serve as the token of God's covenant with Abraham and his descendants. The Modern Scientific Study of Religion. In these are included acts of faith, hope, love, humility, and repentance. It has, indeed, been fully met in the religion of Christ, in which man has been Divinely enlightened in regard to his religious duties, and has been given the supernatural power to fulfil them and thereby secure his perfection. (1) The acts of homage may be distinguished into three classes: (a) the direct acts of worship; (b) the regulation of conduct outside the sphere of moral obligation; (c) the regulation of conduct within the recognized sphere of moral obligation. In the last analysis it is an act of the will. The speculative part embraces the intellectual basis of religion, those concepts of God and man, and of man's relation to God, which are the object of faith, whether natural or supernatural. Totemism labours under many of the difficulties of Fetishism. How to use catholic in a sentence. It is on the steep incline to social and political ruin. But the further question may be asked: If religion has been universal in the past, have we any assurance that it will persist in time to come? In the higher nations of antiquity, the making of sacred images in wood, stone, and metal was carried to a high degree of perfection. Transcription. The emotions, too, are called into exercise. In Christ the office of prophet was perfected and completed for all time. It is Catholic teaching that primitive religion was a Divinely revealed Monotheism. [44] Non of the Eastern Churches, Orthodox or Oriental, have indicated any intention to abandon ancient traditions of their own Catholicity. The absence of hope paralyzes the virtue of religion. It is a token of respect and good will. D A third degree of the hierarchy of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, after bishop and priest. The correct one seems to be that offered by Lactantius. Zealous proclamation of the Gospel in order to bring others to Christ and his Church. Sometimes the prophecy is made after emerging from a trance, in which the prophet is thought to be favoured with Divine visions and communications. [citation needed]. He employs the latter meaning in his treatise "On the True Religion", where he says: "Religion binds us [religat] to the one Almighty God." [25] Theodosian Code XVI.i.2, Jerome wrote to Augustine of Hippo in 418: "You are known throughout the world; Catholics honour and esteem you as the one who has established anew the ancient Faith"[26]. APA citation. The first religious offerings are said to have been offerings of food, weapons, and utensils made to the souls of the dead, whose occupations, needs, and tastes in the next life were thought to be similar to those of earthly existence. The recognized possibility of attaining this end engenders hope. Hence we see how wide of the mark are the attempts to limit religion to the exercise of a particular faculty, or to identify it with ritual or with ethical conduct. Generally, it is the medicine-man or wizard who makes the fetish, and charges it with the spirit. In the first place, it is not true that uncultured peoples confound the living with the non-living to the extent that they take the very stones to be alive. Scarcely less fatal is Deism, which, putting God far from the visible world, denies Divine providence and the efficacy of prayer. Nowhere do we find religion of pure Totemism. The Civilizing Influence of Religion. Closely associated with the virtues of hope and love, and hence intimately connected with religion as exercised by man in his frailty, is the virtue of repentance. So too the letter of the Church of Smyrna is addressed to all the congregations of the Holy Catholic Church in every place. The emotions, elicited by the recognition of dependence on God and by the deeply felt need of Divine help, give greater efficacy to the deliberate exercise of the virtue of religion. On earth it is practically coextensive with the human race, though, where it has not been elevated to the supernatural plane through Divine revelation, it labours under serious defects. Sensible tokens of Divine good will are piously thought to reward the earnest efforts of man to secure bliss bringing communion with the Deity. In its method of procedure and choice of arguments, it shows considerable variation, due in large measure to the different theories of knowledge that obtain in the world of philosophers. Mythology, being born of ignorance and unbridled fancy, has no legitimate place in sound religious belief. The totem, Iike the fetish, presupposes the very thing that needs to be accounted for, belief in the existence of unseen personal agents. In every form of religion is implied the conviction that the mysterious, supernatural Being (or beings) has control over the lives and destinies of men. After the acceptance of Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Rome, Orthodox Christians in the East started to refer to adherents of Filioquism in the West just as "Latins" considering them no longer to be "Catholics".[14]. This article is about the term. Very frequently, in the food offerings, only part was destroyed by fire, the rest being eaten by the worshippers. Untutored man does not understand the secondary, mechanical causes of natural events. Peoples, whose ignorance of the physical laws of nature has not been compensated by revealed teaching, have invariably personalized the forces of nature, and, feeling that their welfare depended on the beneficent exercise of these powers, have come to divinize them. But its likelihood is not great when we consider how hard it would have been for primitive man in his inexperience to coordinate the varied effects of nature and derive them from one and the same source of power. Shrines and temples are built, to which a peculiar sanctity attaches, and annual pilgrimages are made to them from distant places. The terms "catholic", "catholicism" and "catholicity" is closely related to the use of the term Catholic Church. The Catholic being confirmed stands or kneels before the bishop, and the sponsor lays one hand on the shoulder of the one being confirmed. The predominant tones of religion are those of hope, joy, confidence, love, patience, humility, the purpose of amendment, and aspiration towards high ideals. For instance, the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox churches, and Church of the East, each maintain that their own denomination is identical with the original universal church, from which all other denominations broke away. This is especially shown in their sacred dances, which are for the most part violent, and from our point of view fantastic, but which are executed in a spirit of great earnestness. In the last analysis it is an act of the will. While it helps them to avoid certain gross forms of wrong-doing, patent even to minds of low intelligence, it encourages the continued practice of vicious indulgences that otherwise might be more easily outgrown. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. In the higher nations of antiquity, the making of sacred images in wood, stone, and metal was carried to a high degree of perfection. Subjection of oneself to God, based on this knowledge of faith and kept fruitful by grace, is supernatural religion. For this reason the damned are no longer capable of religion. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. [17] In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term "Catholic Christian" exclusively to those who followed the same faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter of Alexandria. Revelation (or God speaking to man) is the complement of prayer (man speaking to God). This has led to the fashioning of forms in wood and stone to represent the mysterious beings to whom man looks for aid. Under the influence of religion, the rhythmic chants grew into inspiring hymns and psalms, giving rise to the sacred poetic literature of many nations. These rare exceptions do but prove the rule, for they are insignificant tribes which, in the struggle for existence, have been driven by their enemies to inhospitable regions where the conditions of life are so wretched as to cause them to degenerate almost to a state of brutalization. To this theory there are several serious objections. (c) Sudden Conversions. It is also sustained by the recognized instances of Divine providence. In like manner, man from the earliest times, in doing homage to the Deity, came into His presence with a gift. From what has already been said, it is plain that religion, though often imperfectly conceived, is in normal conditions of human existence the inevitable outcome of the use of reason. Religion, in its last analysis, rests on a theistic interpretation of nature. Some of the leading exponents of biological science now recognize that evolution, as an adequate explanation of the variety of organic life, is necessarily teleological, and do not hesitate to declare that the universe is the manifestation of a creative, controlling mind. So no Latin should be sanctified by the hands of the priests through divine and spotless Mysteries unless he first declares that he will abstain from Latin dogmas and customs, and that he will conform to the practice of the Orthodox.[30]. There is thus no good ground for asserting ancestor-worship to have been the earliest form of religion, nor do we need it to account for religion, strictly speaking, in any of its forms. Faith is a gift of grace. A sympathetic interest attaches to this study, for there are few religions, however crude, that do not represent the sincere effort of man to bring himself into communion with God. Instrumental and vocal music is a most fitting framework for liturgical prayers and solemn sacrifices. The writings of authors such as Frazer and Reinach offer many examples of unwarranted conclusions supported by far-fetched comparisons. The most solemn sacrifices were those offered in behalf of the people for the obtaining of public benefits. That his vision of Christ was real and objective is proved by the wonderful accession of knowledge that it brought to his mind, fitting him to stand forth unchallenged as one of Christ's Apostles. To the Theist this offers a strong presumptive argument in favour of Divine revelation, for God would hardly leave this legitimate craving of the human heart unsatisfied. The solemn prayers and sacrifices to the Deity in behalf of the community are embellished with ritual acts expressive of the emotions brought into play in religious worship. ", During the medieval and modern times, additional distinctions arose regarding the use of the terms Western Catholic and Eastern Catholic. Nowhere do we find religion of pure Totemism. But religion ceases to exist where, as in Pantheism, the deity is pronounced to be devoid of all consciousness. This has for its scope the accurate and systematic exposition of the positive data that go to make up the different external religions of the world — the rites, customs, restrictions, concepts of deity, sacred books, etc. Most of these practices rest on a sense of fitness strengthened by immemorial custom. In the absence of positive, historic data, the question of the origin of religion admits only of a speculative answer. A far … A degradation of this sort can prove fatal to the sentiment of religion. They come to know them from the teaching of parents and elders, and from the observance of sacred rites and customs. It carries the inquiring mind beyond the sphere of natural causation to the recognition of the great personal First Cause and Source of all things, and shows that only in the recognition of God is a satisfactory interpretation of the universe attainable. In the beginning, sacrifice, like prayer, was of the simplest kind and was offered by the individual for his personal needs, by the head of the family or clan for its members collectively, and by the chief or king for the whole people. The nation that designedly and systematically repudiates religion is depriving itself of the most powerful factor operative in the upbuilding and maintaining of true public welfare. Religion is essentially a personal relation, the relation of the subject and creature, man, to his Lord and Creator, God. In subjective religion several virtues must be included, most of them being of an emotional character. The proper exercise of the virtue of religion involves three cooperant virtues having God as their direct object, and hence known as the "theological virtues". (a) Acts of Worship. Roman Catholicism is the oldest and largest branch of Christianity . Corresponding with this in function, but the very opposite of it in worth, is the mythology of pagan religions. Jesus is coming, and Advent is intended to be a season of preparation for His arrival. The testimony of reliable witnesses and the numerous ex-votos that have come down to us from antiquity leave no doubt as to the reality of many of these cures. As mentioned in the above quotation from J.H. In the first place, it is not true that uncultured peoples confound the living with the non-living to the extent that they take the very stones to be alive. Later generations, mistaking the meaning of the term, were led to view the sea or the mountain as their living ancestor and to give it worship. Now the use of such objects cannot be the primary form of religion. Father Baegert observed a few vestiges of an ancestral belief in a future life for example the custom of putting sandals on the feet of the dead, the significance of which the Indians could not explain. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. These were types of the great atoning sacrifice of Christ. This is not the case. It studies each religion apart from the question of its spiritual worth and possible supernatural origin, simply as an external expression of religious belief. It is the calm, impartial judgment of anthropologists today that there is no people of note that is absolutely devoid of religion. Fetish theory There is no natural explanation for a conversion such as this. All they need is the notion of personal cause, which they get from the consciousness of themselves as sources of power and purposive action. “Catholic” literally means “respect for the whole” and, in theological contexts, simply refers to the universal Church—all Christians who are truly part of Christ’s Body. The need of Divine help gives rise to the longing for communion with God. The succession of priests keeps me, beginning from the very seat of the Apostle Peter, to whom the Lord, after His resurrection, gave it in charge to feed His sheep (Jn 21:15–19), down to the present episcopate. It does not exist at all in hell, where the subordination of rational creatures to their Creator is one not of free will, but of physical necessity. Fear theory Again, as a result of such intuition, man should be found everywhere with a monotheistic religion. This emotional element enters into the external worship of every religion, but its extent and character vary considerably, being determined by the particular standard of propriety prevailing in a given grade of culture. Religion alone can keep alive in a people devotion to high ideals, respect for established authority, preference for peaceful measures to secure political and industrial reforms, and a cheerful spirit of perseverance despite powerful opposition. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. In the majority of the religions of the world, there is no trace of Totemism, vestiges of which ought to be widespread if it had been the source of all other forms of religion. The defects of this theory are such as to discredit it in the eyes of most scholars. Practically all give evidence of belief in retribution in the present life, as may be seen from the universal use of ordeals, oaths, and the widespread recourse to penitential rites in times of great distress. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. In its method of procedure and choice of arguments, it shows considerable variation, due in large measure to the different theories of knowledge that obtain in the world of philosophers. From the second half of the second century, the word "catholic" began to be used to mean "orthodox" (non-heretical), "because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth, and to represent the whole Church, while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local". And this freedom is precisely what we see in Scripture. of or relating to a Catholic church, especially the Roman Catholic Church. Hence St. Thomas (II-II, Q. lxxxi, a. The fear of forfeiting the good will and help of the Deity, and of incurring His punishment, gives rise to regret, which in higher religions is made more meritorious by the sorrow felt for having offended so good a God. The Catholic religion is monotheistic, meaning that Catholics believe that there is only one supreme being, called God.The Catholic God has three aspects, known as the Trinity. Religion in its simplest form implies the notion of being bound to God; the same notion is uppermost in the word religion in its most specific sense, as applied to the life of poverty, chastity, and obedience to which individuals voluntarily bind themselves by vows more or less solemn. A series of trivial and fortuitous blunders cannot account for so world-wide a fact as the recognition of nature-deities. Among the negroes of West Africa, where it first attracted attention, the fetish spirits are at best but inferior beings, generally distinct from the supreme heaven-god and from the powerful nature-deities associated with the sea and thunder. Still, in perhaps the majority of religions, at least the beginnings of a filial affection for the Deity are felt. In some lower forms of religion, it is largely, if not wholly, absent. II,] pp. Wherever religion has flourished, we find a deeply rooted belief in Divine providence. Philosophy of religion In the English language, the first known use of the term is in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, "He was a constant Catholic/All Lollard he hated and heretic."[35]. The office of prophet, the recognized spokesman of the Deity, is generally but not always distinct from that of priest. (1) The acts of homage may be distinguished into three classes: (a) the direct acts of worship; (b) the regulation of conduct outside the sphere of moral obligation; (c) the regulation of conduct within the recognized sphere of moral obligation. But like the history of religions, the data of which it uses, it does not concern itself as a science with the question whether any given religion be true. Max Muller's perception theory He derives religion from religare (to bind): "We are tied to God and bound to Him [religati] by the bond of piety, and it is from this, and not, as Cicero holds, from careful consideration [relegendo], that religion has received its name." Such are the restrictive works of piety involving inconvenience, pain, and abstinence from legitimate enjoyments, voluntarily undertaken with the view to merit a larger share of Divine favour and to secure more than ordinary sanctity and perfection. The philosophy of religion is the crown and completion of the several disciplines already mentioned. This secondary sense arose out of the original meaning because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth, and to represent the whole Church, while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local. The thunder suggests the thunderer. Hence St. Thomas (II-II, Q. lxxxi, a. This rule we shall observe if we follow universality, antiquity, consent. For the protection of permanent altars temples came to be built. From this danger of falling into a polytheistic interpretation of nature, primitive man was saved by Divine Revelation. Corresponding to the deeply felt need of Divine help is the conviction that in numerous instances this help has been given in answer to prayer. To recognize in and behind the phenomena of nature the agency of mind and will was thus easy for primitive man. Tylor. (b) Regulation of Conduct outside the Sphere of Moral Obligation. It studies each religion apart from the question of its spiritual worth and possible supernatural origin, simply as an external expression of religious belief. Scholars are not all agreed as to the primary idea underlying the use of sacrifice. Feeling his helplessness and need of Divine assistance, pressed down, perhaps, by sickness, loss, and defeat, recognizing that in friendly communion with the Deity he can find aid, peace, and happiness, he is led voluntarily to perform certain acts of homage meant to bring about this desired result. In seeking the natural explanation of some of these experiences it has been successful; but, as has already been pointed out, it has its limitations. 12. (c) Regulation of Conduct within the Recognized Sphere of Moral Obligation. The analysis of the idea of religion shows that it is very complex, and rests on several fundamental conceptions. It has, indeed, been fully met in the religion of Christ, in which man has been Divinely enlightened in regard to his religious duties, and has been given the supernatural power to fulfil them and thereby secure his perfection. It is used till its inefficiency becomes apparent, when it is cast aside as worthless, in the belief that the indwelling spirit has departed from it. This element is common to all religions. Hence we find that religion in its outward worship is to a large extent a social function. But its principles of comparison have to be used with great care, for they can easily be made to do service for contradictory and visionary theories. The Common Good. They take these teachings on authority, made venerable by immemorial usage, so that to reject them would be reprobated as an act of impiety. Psychology of religion Besides these there are in the higher religions prayers of adoration, of petition for moral improvement, also penitential prayers. The erroneous reports of earlier travellers asserting a lack of religion where religion actually exists, have been due either to superficial observation or to a misunderstanding as to what should be called religion. In the recognized sphere of morality, it has offered powerful motives to right conduct; it has been the chief inspiration of music, poetry, architecture, sculpture, and painting; it has been the dominant influence in the formation of a permanent literature. Thus, in Christianity the things to be believed and the things to be done in order to obtain salvation have the guarantee of Divine authority. After the East–West Schism, the notion of common Catholicity was broken and each side started to develop its own terminological practice. Intuition theory In like manner certain places, made venerable by immemorial worship or by association with reputed visions, oracles, and miraculous cures, come to be singled out as the spots most suitable for public worship. It calls into play not simply the will, but the intellect, the imagination, and the emotions. This discipline studies the different psychical states implied in, and associated with, the religious consciousness. See more words from the same year Sacrifice is equally common with prayer. Again, the notion of persuading spirits to lodge themselves in stocks and stones and become the property of the wearers, is the very antithesis of religion, which implies the sense of dependence on the Deity. ), and has declared that differences in traditional customs, observances and discipline are no obstacle to unity. It is also an experience sometimes real and sometimes fancied, of the supernatural. On the other hand, wherever tribes exist in normal conditions, they are found to possess some sort of religion. It has simply pushed the question somewhat further back, but left it with its religious answer as importunate as ever. To this we may reply: The advance of modern scientific culture is fatal to all polytheistic forms of religion, in which the recognized secondary causes are, through ignorance, mistaken for personal causes. Yet their descent from Indian stocks that had well defined religious notions is practically certain. Religion is distinguished into natural and supernatural. Christian Monotheism, far from being inconsistent with true science, is necessary to supplement and complete the limited interpretation of nature afforded by science. This is particularly the case where these excesses have been woven into the myths of the gods and the legends of deified heroes, or have been incorporated into the religious rites and become, as it were, inviolable. The beginnings of religion go back to remote prehistoric time. 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