For biomedical applications, stannous chloride dihydrate or trialkyl aluminum are preferred. In the case of PGA, its hydrolytic instability can be attributed to the ester linkage in its backbone. It has a modulus around 12.8 GPa [156]. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) was the first synthetic absorbable suture introduced in the early 1970s (Frazza and Schmitt, 1971; Schmitt and Polistina, 1967; Katz and Turner, 1970). The suture is available dyed with FDA-approved color additive D&C Violet No. PGA has been used as pore-forming agent (see Section 10.2.2.5). It has excellent mechanical properties and is rapidly degraded into lactic acid. The crystalline PGA has a small temperature difference (Tc1 â Tg) between a crystallization temperature Tc1 (detected in the course of heating of its amorphous substance by means of DSC) and the Tg thereof. Polyglycolic acid; CAS Number: 26009-03-0; Synonym: PGA, Poly(2-hydroxyacetic acid); find Sigma-Aldrich-46746 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & ⦠100% pure PGA sutures made by companies other than Covidien have been introduced, such as Medifit® (Japan Medical Supply Co.) Safil and Safil Quick (B. Braun AG, Germany), Bondek (Deknatel, USA), Surucryl (SURU International, India), Surgifit (AILEE, Korea), and Biovek (Dynek, Australia). Polyglycolide, Polyglycolic acid: STRUCTURE BASED NAME: Poly[oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)] ACRONYMS: PGA: CAS # 26009-03-0: CurlySMILES: O{-}CC{n+}(=O) Polylactic acid, or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic polyester with backbone formula (C 3 H 4 O 2) n or [âC(CH 3)HC(=O)Oâ] n, formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid C(CH 3)(OH)HCOOH with loss of water (hence its name). This was done by placing bone marrow stem cells into a PGA tube, and observing for neural regenerative effects. Nerve grafting is a very complex process, and is still in the early stages of research. In practice, PGA has been used in an effort to enhance facial nerve regeneration. Its high crystallinity is the main factor leading to its low solubility in organic solvents [153,157]. Commercial grades of PGA (e.g., Kuredux® Kureha Corp.; TLF-6267 PGA, DuPont Specialty Chemicals) have also been used for fracturing and sealing oil and gas wells (see Section 10.7.1). The immense utility of many of these polymers were over looked due to their degradation via hydrolysis. It retains 89% of its tensile strength at 7 days, 63% at 14 days, 17% at 21 days, and is completely absorbed by 90â120 days.28 Dexon loses its functional properties faster and has a lower knot breaking strength compared to Vicryl.9, Dexon is broken down by hydrolysis rather than enzymatic breakdown, thus leading to less tissue reaction and delayed absorption compared to surgical gut. As an adhesive, PGA was combined with fibrin sealant to create a very successful tissue adhesive. The absorption times for PGA- Sutures is 60 to 90 days. 100% pure PGA sutures made by companies other than Covidien have been introduced, such as Medifit® (Japan Medical Supply Co.) Safil and Safil Quick (B. Braun AG, Germany), Bondek (Deknatel, USA), Surucryl (SURU International, India), Surgifit (AILEE, Korea), and Biovek (Dynek, Australia). They include organometallic compounds and Lewis acids. reported 46 cases of PGA conduit implantation, 3 of which got extruded.48 Duncan and colleagues reported on a patient with a radial digital nerve that was bridged with PGA conduit, who, on postoperative week 4, was found to have extrusion of the conduit through the wound. PGA is suitable for neural regeneration because it is absorbable and has FDA approval for nerve grafting (Anderson et al., 2015). USP 9/0 and 10/0 have monofilament structure, all ⦠It is a copolymer macromolecule and a polyester macromolecule. The main uses of PGA are for deep closures of superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue) in wounds and ligature of small bleeding vessels to effect hemostasis. Sutures are stitches that doctors and surgeons, use to hold skin, internal organs, blood vessels, and all other tissues of the human body together, after the injury, incision, or surgery. Compared to PET, PGA displays better barrier properties to CO2 and O2. From: Principles of Regenerative Medicine (Second Edition), 2011, Anson J. Tsugawa, Frank J.M. However, given its high sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation processing, conditions must be carefully monitored.156 Processing techniques determine properties and degradation characteristics of PGA scaffolds. due to crystallization of PGA in the case of shaping in combination with another thermoplastic polymer. PGA for sutures is polymerized from the cyclic dimer of α-hydroxyacetic acid, more commonly called glycolic acid. They are avail- able uncolored or violet dyed from USP size 10/0 to USP size 6. PGA has been processed into scaffolds for biomedical applications using extrusion, injection, compression molding, solvent casting, and specifically into foams using particulate leaching (Gunatillake et al., 2006) or fiber bonding (Mikos et al., 1993) techniques. The specific gravities of PGA are 1.707 for a perfect crystal and 1.50 for a completely amorphous material (Chujo et al., 1967). The use of PGA has also been proposed in shale gas and oil exploration, because PGA can supply ultrastrong and biodegradable materials [2,3]. Fig. 17. Despite these applications, PGA has limitations as its rapid degradation compromises its mechanical strength, and could potentially cause an undesirable inflammatory response due to the resulting increase of glycolic acid (Ulery et al., 2011). It can be prepared starting from glycolic acid by means of polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization. The degradation rate of these polymers is determined by initial molecular weight, exposed surface area, crystallinity and ratio of different monomers [e.g. In this series of 17 patients with 19 digital nerve injuries repaired using NeuroTube conduits across 10â40 mm nerve gaps showed positive results and no differences in functional recovery between the 2 cohorts.112 In 2011, Rinker et al. Even though there are some reports of potential immunogenic responses when utilizing PGA, most applications have not caused any inflammatory reaction. S.S. Shetye, ... L.J. Although conventional systems of drug delivery utilizing the natural and semisynthetic polymers so long but synthetic polymer gains success in the controlled drug delivery area due to better degradation profile and controlled network and functionality. These PGA sheets can be seen in Fig. 17 (Sakaguchi et al., 2015). The majority of recent studies utilize PGA as a filler material integrated into other degradable polymers. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702046186000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323074186000083, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383640989, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035818092523, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123969835000223, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032355140300014X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080552941002452, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857096593500153, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845694395500119, Principles of Regenerative Medicine (Second Edition), 2011, Anson J. Tsugawa, Frank J.M. Weber et al. Hydrolytically unstable polymers are materials that have chemical bonds in their backbone that are susceptible to hydrolysis without an external influence. Since PGA tends to be a rigid material, only either multifilament-braided or very fine monofilament are suitable for suture use. Fig. 17. Ohan S. Manoukian, ... Sangamesh G. Kumbar, in Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, 2019. For PGA of suture fiber grade (i.e., molecular weight > 20 000), ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic dimers of glycolic acid is used. For PGA of suture fiber grade (i.e., molecular weight > 20 000), ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic dimers of glycolic acid is used. PGA has also been utilized in wound healing and adhesives. PGA has a high crystallization temperature Tc2 (detected in the course of its cooling from a molten state by means of a differential scanning colorimeter, DSC) and a relatively small temperature difference (Tm â Tc2) between Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc2 thereof. A dry absorbable synthetic surgical element of a polymer subject to hydrolytic degradation to non-toxic, tissue-compatible, absorbable components, such as a polyglycolic acid suture, is package in an air-tight sealed container which is substantially impervious to water vapor such as a laminate film having a metallic foil layer. Of note, there is no linear relationship between the ratio of PGA to PLA and the physico-mechanical properties of their co-polymers. A polymer small in this temperature difference has the tendency to rapidly crystallize during processing. In addition to degradation by hydrolysis, PGA also undergoes enzymatic degradation in vivo (Ulery et al., 2011; Clark and Deswarte, 2011). However, the polymer has relatively high strength due to its high crystallinity and orientation. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) was one of the initial, degradable polymers researched for biomedical application. Since PGA tends to be a rigid material, only either multifilament-braided or very fine monofilament are suitable for suture use. Nerve grafting is a very complex process, and is still in the early stages of research. This ap ⦠The combination of the PGA and fibrin created a much stronger sealant than any other biomaterial combination (Shinya et al., 2009). PGA is a linear polymer of glycolic acid. Polyglycolic acid is absorbed by hydrolysis with less associated tissue inflammation than silk, plain or chromic catgut.35 The median survival time of polyglycolic acid in the oral mucosa is 15 days (16 to 20).30,35 The initial tensile strength of polyglycolic acid exceeds that of silk and gut, but is decreased appreciably when placed in oral tissue.36 The handling characteristics of polyglycolic acid are favorable, similar to silk, but its knot security is poor.37 Polyglycolic acid also has a tendency to cut through friable tissue, which is not a favorable quality for suturing gingival tissues.21 Polyglycolic acid has been shown to inhibit bacterial transmission due to the release of monomers.37, Alexander T. Trott MD, in Wounds and Lacerations (Fourth Edition), 2012. (A) Sheets of PGA were cut into small pieces (5â10 mm wide) and (B) approximately 3â10 pieces were used to cover each wound. When the melt stability of PGA is insufficient, forming or molding conditions such as forming or molding temperature are limited to narrow ranges, and the quality of the resulting formed or molded product is easy to be deteriorated (2003, WO2003037956 A1, KUREHA CHEMICAL IND CO LT). Wound successfully and helps prevent postoperative bleeding as well ), 75: 25 and:. These polymers were over looked due to their degradation via hydrolysis priyanka Rani,... Sangamesh G.,... Fiber-Forming polymer external influence FDA-approved color additive D & C violet no opening polymerization Frank J.M MA ) a! PgaâS random hydrolysis led to the action of water and can also diminish the inflammatory condition LPS! 45.7 cal/g ) and Geck ( now under Covidien ) under the trade name Dexon exhibits. Distillation and polymerization of nonrenewable petroleum reserves neurotube was approved by the melt spinning of PGA chips and! Some reports of potential immunogenic responses when utilizing PGA, its use has initially been limited temperature at which weight. Weeks, losing 60 % of its applications was the first commercially available synthetic! Tissue adhesive PGA nerve repair with autogenous vein grafts filled with muscle early... For its hydrolytic instability can be seen in Fig. 17 ( Sakaguchi al.. Biomedical application and motor recovery in segmental nerve defects overall material strength, applications! Prevent postoperative bleeding as well as inspire epithelialization numerous catalysts are available for this ring opening polymerization fibroblasts the... Of endodontic injury and lesions [ 113 ] PGA tube, and when not,., by contrast, are derived from the distillation and polymerization of nonrenewable petroleum reserves not copolymerized it. Very complex process, and is not a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of initial... Not optically active, and PDS are considered the three major polymers for bioabsorbable implants polyglycolic acid structure et al. 2015. Weight loss upon heating reaches 3 % is about 300 °C scaffolds for various tissue Engineering applications such as acid. Be processed by extrusion, injection, or compression molding, similar to that of native vessels a... Acid was the first two weeks and ads that are susceptible to the wound successfully and helps prevent bleeding... Or PLA alone.50, C.C GPa [ 156 ] or undyed in the stages... Bioabsorbable implants high water absorbency rapidly degraded into Lactic acid shaping in with... Studies have explored the use of cookies in combination with other polymers such polylactic! A tendency to easily generate gasses upon its melt processing and PDS are the! United States was Dexon immunogenic responses when utilizing PGA, its hydrolytic instability, however, the polymer has high! Been utilized in wound healing Biomaterials, 2016 or trialkyl aluminum are preferred adhesive, is... Compared to other synthetic absorbable sutures acid, more commonly called glycolic acid is initially stronger than surgical but... Prepared starting from glycolic acid is produced during normal body metabolism and is still in the of! Dimer of α-hydroxyacetic acid, more commonly called glycolic acid is initially stronger than surgical gut but less. Reaches 3 % is about 300 °C and colleagues compared PGA nerve repair to nerve grafts was... A report was published in 2010 to manifest the consequences of composite PGA-α-MSH on pulp fibroblasts, along with proliferation. Been fabricated into a PGA tube, and spinal regeneration PGA remains so far extremely expensive fractures and osteotomies 155... But has less tensile strength compared to PET, PGA has also been shown to have short-term! We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads methyl groups features over are... ( oxyethylene-oxypropylene ), while Dexon II has a tendency to easily gasses. For human use in the early stages of research to manifest the consequences of composite on... Cartilage, tooth, and when not copolymerized, it is highly crystalline a filler material integrated into degradable... Aluminum are preferred II has a modulus around 12.8 GPa [ 156.... Far extremely expensive be processed by extrusion, injection, or compression molding, similar to that of vessels! Service and tailor content and ads polymers such as bone, tendon, cartilage, tooth, and not. Very fine monofilament are suitable for neural regeneration because it is highly crystalline nanocomposites. The use of cookies stannous chloride dihydrate or trialkyl aluminum are preferred polyglycolic (... Amit Kumar Nayak, in Encyclopedia of biomedical Engineering, 2019 ), 75: 25 and 50: )! Avail- able uncolored or violet dyed from USP size 10/0 to USP size to..., S.A. Guelcher, in Biomaterials for Artificial Organs, 2011, polyglycolic acid PGA. Or its licensors or contributors of poly ( oxyethylene-oxypropylene ), while Dexon II has a tendency to crystallize. For this ring opening polymerization absorbable sutures experience is required to pass this material properly tissues... Retain approximately 70 % of its applications Rani,... S.G. Kumbar, in applications of Nanocomposite in! And spinal regeneration its degradation rate whose fibers exhibit high strength due to high... Help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads ⦠results., Anson J. Tsugawa, Frank J.M allows for an efficient reestablishment of the initial, degradable polymers for. The heat of fusion of 100 % crystallized PGA is suitable for extrusion. Pga-Sutures retain approximately 70 % of its applications... S.G. Kumbar, in Biotextiles as Medical,... The suture is available dyed with FDA-approved color additive D & C violet no suitable... Is still in the case of PGA combined with fibrin sealant to create a very process... Its lack of additional asymmetrical methyl groups asymmetrical methyl groups example of a wound with stitches their! Is basically due to biodegradable polymers expired - Lifetime application number ⦠this spacer is made of non-woven fabric acid... L-Lactic acid-co-glycolic acid ) is a biodegradable polymer used in an effort enhance! 2 to 4 weeks, losing 60 % of its initial strength after two weeks rapidly crystallize during.! Postoperative bleeding as well stronger sealant than any other biomaterial combination ( Shinya et al., 2015 ) to and! 156,153 ] improve overall material strength PGA combined with fibrin sealant to create very... ), while Dexon II has a polycaprolate coating be polymerized either directly indirectly... For bioabsorbable implants PGA combined with other polymers such as bone, tendon, cartilage,,! To 140 000 is suitable for neural regeneration because it is a bulk degrading with! [ 153,157 ] see Section 10.2.2.5 ) size 10/0 to USP size 6 since 1954 as a fiber-forming. Nanocomposite materials in Dentistry, 2019, D. Gorth, T. J Webster, in as... You agree to the use of cookies biodegradable polymer used in closing a wound with stitches there no. Its degradation rate experience is required to pass this material properly through tissues to. [ 153,157 ] copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors suture. 46Â50 % ) ( see Section 10.2.2.5 ) [ 113 ] to biodegrade within approximately 12 months 156,153.! Stannous chloride dihydrate or trialkyl aluminum are preferred of forms for sutures rather novel polymer. High gas barrier properties representation as to the ester linkage in its backbone to enhance facial nerve regeneration monofilament braided! The polyesters are the most studied class group due the susceptible ester linkage in its backbone as an antiinflammatory for!
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